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Vocabulary

Culture: the values, norms and material good characteristic of a given group. Like the concept of society, the notion of culture is very widely used in sociology, as well as the other social sciences (particularly anthropology). Culture is one of the most distinctive properties of human social association.

Society: the concept of society is one of the most important of all sociological notions. A society is a group of people who live in a particular territory, are subject to a common system of political authority, and are aware of having a distinct identity from other groups around them.  Some are big, others small.

Values: Ideas held by human individuals or groups about what is desirable, proper, good or bad. Differing values represent key aspects of variations in human culture. What individuals value is strongly influenced by the specific culture in which they happen to live.

Socialization: The social processes through which children develop an awareness of social norms and values, and achieve a distinct sense of self. Although socialization processes are particularly significant in infancy and childhood, they continue to some degree throughout life. No human individuals are immune from the reactions of others around them, which influence and modify their behavior at all phases of the life cycle.

The unconscious: motives and ideas unavailable to the conscious mind of the individual. A key psychological mechanism involved in the unconscious is repression – parts of the mind are “blocked off” from an individual´s direct awareness. According to Freud´s theory, unconscious wishes and impulses established in childhood continue to play a major part in the life of the adult.

Self-consciousness: awareness of one´s distinct social identity, as a person separate from others. Human beings are not born with self-consciousness, but acquire an awareness of self as a result of early socialization. The learning of language is of vital importance to the processes by which the child learns to become a self-conscious being.

Identify: the distinctive characteristics of a person´s character or the character of a group. Both individual and group identity is largely provided by social markers. Thus one of the most important markers of an individual´s identity is his or her name. The name is an important part of the person´s individuality. Naming is also important for group identity. For instance national identity is governed by whether one is “English,” “French,” “American” and so forth.